Técnicas serológicas y moleculares para la identificación de variantes del antígeno D prevención de aloinmunización en medicina transfusional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62305/biosana.v5i5.856Palabras clave:
Pruebas serológicas; Técnicas de diagnóstico molecular; Medicina transfusional; Variantes RhD; Genotipificación Rh.Resumen
El sistema Rhesus (Rh) es uno de los más relevantes en el ámbito de la inmunohematología, debido a la alta inmunogenicidad del antígeno D. Las variantes del antígeno D como, D débil, D parcial y DEL, surgen debido a mutaciones en el gen RHD, esto lleva a errores en la tipificación, además de ocasiona aloinmunización en receptores RhD negativos. Esta revisión documental analizó publicaciones recientes que evalúan la precisión de las técnicas serológicas y moleculares en la detección de dichas variantes. Los resultados evidenciaron que, aunque las pruebas serológicas son accesibles y rápidas, presentan varias limitaciones en la identificación de las variantes DEL y D parcial. Por el contrario, las técnicas moleculares como PCR-SSP, PCR multiplex y Secuenciación de nueva generación, ofrecen una detección más exacta de mutaciones del gen RHD, reduciendo así el riesgo de sensibilización anti-D y mejorando la seguridad transfusional. La información revisada señala una alta prevalencia de la variante D débil en América Latina y la superioridad de la variante DEL en Asia, que se asocia con casos documentados de aloinmunización. Se concluye que la integración de métodos moleculares en la tipificación RhD es esencial para prevenir eventos inmunológicos y fortalecer los programas de hemovigilancia.
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