Blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: a literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62305/biosana.v4i5.353Keywords:
Biomarker, blood biomarkers, Alzheimer's disease, Tau protein, amyloid-β (Aβ) proteinAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is the leading cause of dementia in those over 65 years of age and responsible for 50-60% of global cases, its definitive diagnosis is by tests that identify amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in the brain. However, the use of these tests is limited due to their invasive nature and high cost. This study is based on a descriptive investigation of literature documents with a retrospective analysis. For the collection of information, various databases such as PudMED, Scielo, Scopus were consulted. During the bibliographic search, 16 articles related to the subject of the study were found, for which the PRISMA methodology was used. This article analyzes the usefulness and reliability of blood biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in its different stages. It points out the need to improve some markers such as Aβ42/Aβ40 assays and the accuracy of different forms of p-tau. In addition, it explores other promising biomarkers such as neurofilament light (NfL), GFAP and synaptic markers. The article emphasizes the importance of further research to develop more robust tests to match the efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and positron emission tomography (PET).
Downloads
References
Lantero Rodriguez J, Karikari TK, Suárez-Calvet M, Troakes C, King A, Emersic A, et al. Plasma p-tau181 accurately predicts Alzheimer’s disease pathology at least 8 years prior to post-mortem and improves the clinical characterisation of cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 Sep 1;140(3):267–78.
Yu X, Shao K, Wan K, Li T, Li Y, Zhu X, et al. Progress in blood biomarkers of subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Vol. 136, Chinese Medical Journal. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2023. p. 505–21.
Chong JR, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Tanaka T, Schöll M, Zetterberg H, et al. Blood-based high sensitivity measurements of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau as biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: a focused review on recent advances. Vol. 92, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. BMJ Publishing Group; 2021. p. 1231–41.
Yu H, Wang F, Wu J jun, Gong J, Bi S, Mao Y, et al. Integrated transcriptomics reveals the brain and blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Dec 1;29(12):3943–51.
Zhao J, Huai J. Role of primary aging hallmarks in Alzheimer´s disease. Vol. 13, Theranostics. Ivyspring International Publisher; 2023. p. 197–230.
Blennow K, Dubois B, Fagan AM, Lewczuk P, De Leon MJ, Hampel H. Clinical utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease. Vol. 11, Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p. 58–69.
Jack CR, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Vol. 14, Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Elsevier Inc.; 2018. p. 535–62.
Chen Z, Mengel D, Keshavan A, Rissman RA, Billinton A, Perkinton M, et al. Learnings about the complexity of extracellular tau aid development of a blood-based screen for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2019 Mar 1;15(3):487–96.
Arslan B, Zetterberg H, Ashton NJ. Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease – moving towards a new era of diagnostics. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024 May 1;62(6):1063–9.
Hirtz C, Busto GU, Bennys K, Kindermans J, Navucet S, Tiers L, et al. Comparison of ultrasensitive and mass spectrometry quantification of blood-based amyloid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis in a memory clinic cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023 Dec 1;15(1).
Li Y, Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Weiner MW, et al. Validation of Plasma Amyloid-β 42/40 for Detecting Alzheimer Disease Amyloid Plaques. Neurology. 2022 Feb 15;98(7):E688–99.
Frisoni GB, Fox NC, Jack CR, Scheltens P, Thompson PM. The clinical use of structural MRI in Alzheimer disease. Vol. 6, Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010. p. 67–77.
Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Li Y, Gordon BA, et al. High-precision plasma β-amyloid 42/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis. Neurology. 2019 Oct 22;93(17):E1647–59.
Altuna-Azkargorta M, Mendioroz-Iriarte M. Blood biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Vol. 36, Neurologia. Spanish Society of Neurology; 2021. p. 704–10.
Cheng Y, Ren JR, Jian JM, He CY, Xu MY, Zeng GH, et al. Associations of plasma angiostatin and amyloid-β and tau levels in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Psychiatry. 2022 Dec 1;12(1).
Gonzalez-Ortiz F, Ferreira PCL, González-Escalante A, Montoliu-Gaya L, Ortiz-Romero P, Kac PR, et al. A novel ultrasensitive assay for plasma p-tau217: Performance in individuals with subjective cognitive decline and early Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2024 Feb 1;20(2):1239–49.
Giacomucci G, Mazzeo S, Crucitti C, Ingannato A, Bagnoli S, Padiglioni S, et al. Plasma p-tau181 as a promising non-invasive biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease pathology in Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Neurol Sci. 2023 Oct 15;453.
Chatterjee P, Vermunt L, Gordon BA, Pedrini S, Boonkamp L, Armstrong NJ, et al. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease: Associations with Aβ-PET, neurodegeneration, and cognition. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2023 Jul 1;19(7):2790–804.
Jiang Y, Uhm H, Ip FC, Ouyang L, Lo RMN, Cheng EYL, et al. A blood-based multi-pathway biomarker assay for early detection and staging of Alzheimer’s disease across ethnic groups. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2024 Mar 1;20(3):2000–15.
Parvizi T, Wurm R, König T, Silvaieh S, Altmann P, Klotz S, et al. Real-world performance of plasma p-tau181 in a heterogeneous memory clinic cohort. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2024 Aug 1;11(8):1988–98.
Barthélemy NR, Salvadó G, Schindler SE, He Y, Janelidze S, Collij LE, et al. Highly accurate blood test for Alzheimer’s disease is similar or superior to clinical cerebrospinal fluid tests. Nat Med. 2024 Apr 1;30(4):1085–95.
Tsoy E, La Joie R, VandeVrede L, Rojas JC, Yballa C, Chan B, et al. Scalable plasma and digital cognitive markers for diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2024 Mar 1;20(3):2089–101.
Wojdalaa AL, Bellomo G, Toja A, Gaetani L, Parnetti L, Chiasserini D. CSF and plasma Aβ42/40 across Alzheimer s disease continuum: Comparison of two ultrasensitive Simoa® assays targeting distinct amyloid regions. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024 Jan 2;62(2):332–40.
Giannisis A, Al-Grety A, Carlsson H, Howell JC, Hu WT, Kultima K, et al. Plasma apolipoprotein E levels, isoform composition, and dimer profile in relation to plasma lipids in racially diverse patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2023 Dec 1;15(1).
Saloner R, VandeVrede L, Asken BM, Paolillo EW, Gontrum EQ, Wolf A, et al. Plasma phosphorylated tau-217 exhibits sex-specific prognostication of cognitive decline and brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired adults. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2024 Jan 1;20(1):376–87.
Hansson O, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Dage J. Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in clinical practice and trials. Vol. 3, Nature Aging. Springer; 2023. p. 506–19.
Hampel H, Hu Y, Cummings J, Mattke S, Iwatsubo T, Nakamura A, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: Current state and future use in a transformed global healthcare landscape. Vol. 111, Neuron. Cell Press; 2023. p. 2781–99.
Stevenson-Hoare J, Heslegrave A, Leonenko G, Fathalla D, Bellou E, Luckcuck L, et al. Plasma biomarkers and genetics in the diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2023 Feb 1;146(2):690–9.
Jack CR, Wiste HJ, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Figdore DJ, Schwarz CG, Lowe VJ, et al. Predicting amyloid PET and tau PET stages with plasma biomarkers. Brain. 2023 May 1;146(5):2029–44.
Fu J, Lai X, Huang Y, Bao T, Yang J, Chen S, et al. Meta-analysis and systematic review of peripheral platelet-associated biomarkers to explore the pathophysiology of alzheimer’s disease. BMC Neurol. 2023 Dec 1;23(1).
Coomans EM, Verberk IMW, Ossenkoppele R, Verfaillie SCJ, Visser D, Gouda M, et al. A Head-to-Head Comparison Between Plasma pTau181 and Tau PET Along the Alzheimer’s Disease Continuum. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2023 Mar 1;64(3):437–43.
Milà-Alomà M, Ashton NJ, Shekari M, Salvadó G, Ortiz-Romero P, Montoliu-Gaya L, et al. Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-β pathology in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med. 2022 Sep 1;28(9):1797–801.
Wu X, Xiao Z, Yi J, Ding S, Gu H, Wu W, et al. Development of a Plasma Biomarker Diagnostic Model Incorporating Ultrasensitive Digital Immunoassay as a Screening Strategy for Alzheimer Disease in a Chinese Population. Clin Chem. 2021 Dec 1;67(12):1628–39.
Thijssen EH, La Joie R, Strom A, Fonseca C, Iaccarino L, Wolf A, et al. Plasma phosphorylated tau 217 and phosphorylated tau 181 as biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a retrospective diagnostic performance study. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Sep 1;20(9):739–52.
Teunissen CE, Thijssen EH. Plasma p-tau217: From “new kid” to most promising candidate for Alzheimer’s disease blood test. Vol. 143, Brain. Oxford University Press; 2020. p. 3170–80.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 BIOSANA Health Scientific Journal. ISSN 2960-8481
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
